Map 4. Pergamum

 Plan of Ancient Pergamum Asclepeion

The Sanctuary of Asclepios Soter (lower tall)

• 1). Small theater
• 2). North Stoa
• 3). Small Library
• 4). Via Tecta, Colonnaded Sacred Way leading to the Acropolis
• 5). Propylaeum and Forecourt
• 6). Cult niche
• 7). Temple of Asclepius
• 8). Treatment center
• 9). Cryptopoticus, a vaulted underground tunnel
• 10). South Stoa
• 11). Latrines
• 12). Southwest Hall
• 13). West Stoa
• 14). Hellenistic temple and Sacred Spring
• 15 & 16). Incubation complex
• 17). Pool
• 18). Peristyle House

The Upper Tall

A model of the acropolis of the ancient Greek city of Pergamum, showing the situation in the second cent AD, by Hans Schleif (1902–1945). 

Wladyslaw Sojka Wikimedia Commons labelled by Dr. David E. Graves

• 1). Theater
• 2). Trajaneium
• 3). Arsenal Terrance
• 4). Barraks
• 5). Palace
• 6). Citadel Gate
• 7). Heroon
• 8). Library
• 9). Athena Temple
• 10). Altar of Zeus
• 11). Upper agora
• 12). Dionysius Temple
• 13). Stoa Terrace

© 2020 Dr. David E. Graves 

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Figure 82

Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. (CNG)

Homonoia coin from Thyatira with Pergamum in Mysia. Obv.: AVT KAI L CEP CEOVHPOC PER. Bust of Moschios, magistrate laureate, draped, and cuirassed. Rev.: EPI CTP MOCX OV B PERGAMHNWN QUATEIRHNWN OMONOIA, Asclepius of Pergamum on the left, holding a serpent-entwined staff, and Apollo Tyrimnaeus of Thyatira standing to the right

Figure 79

© 2017 David E. Graves

A white stone pillar at Pergamum with names inscribed on it (Rev 2:12, 17).

Figure 70

© 2017 David E. Graves

Column in the courtyard of the entrance (propylon) of the Asclepion (hospital), from the lower site of Pergamum, decorated with three symbols of health: snakes, olive branches, and the wheel of life. Snakes were worshiped in the cult of Asclepius, the god of healing. The way serpents shed their skins to renew themselves became a symbol of new life. John stated that Satan lived in Pergamum, and some believe that this is one of the local references. The symbol of the intertwined snakes still decorates medical emblems today

Figure 67

© 2017 David E. Graves

The partially restored Trajaneium in Pergamum.

Figure 66

© 2017 David E. Graves

The remains of the Altar of Zeus. The structure around the altar is actually not a temple but an open air altar. The two trees mark the location of the altar, but the structure which surrounded it is now in the Staatliche (formerly Pergamum) Museum in Berlin.

Figure 65

Pergamum museum, Berlin, Germany
© Photo by Raimond Spekking

The Great Altar of Pergamum. Some of the details, researched by Otto Puchstein based on coins, may not be accurate.

Figure 64

© Photo by Bernard Gagnon, PD

The Hellenistic theater (ca. 225–200 BC) carved vertically out of the side of the mountain with a capacity of ca. 10,000 citizens.

Figure 63

© Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. (CNG).
Photograph courtesy of www.cngcoins.com

Cistophoric Tetradrachm coin from Pergamum (ca. 160–150 BC).

Obv.: A basket used for housing sacred snakes (Lat. cista mystica); all within an ivy wreath.

Rev.: A bow-case with serpents; and stylis (BMC 88)

Figure 62

© Photo by Bernard Gagnon, PD

Statue of Galen of Pergamum.

Figure 61

© 2017 David E. Graves

The Pergamum Asclepion, the sanctuary of Asclepios Soter.

Legend

1). Small theater
2). North Stoa
3). Small Library
4). Via Tecta, Colonnaded Sacred Way leading to the Acropolis
5). Propylaeum and Forecourt
6). Cult niche
7). Temple of Asclepius
8). Treatment center
9). Cryptopoticus, a vaulted underground tunnel
10). South Stoa
11). Latrines
12). Southwest Hall
13). West Stoa
14). Hellenistic temple and Sacred Spring
15 & 16). Incubation complex
17). Pool
18). Peristyle House

Figure 60

© 2017 David E. Graves

Asclepeion complex and the north stoa viewed from the theater.